Advantages and Disadvantages of Fptp System

First Past The Post, like other plurality/majoriAdvantages and disadvantages of FPTP systemty electoral systems, is defended primarily on the grounds of simplicity and its tendency to produce winners who are representatives beholden to defined geographic areas and governability. The most often cited advantages are that: It provides a clear-cut choice for voters between two main parties. The inbuilt disadvantages faced by third and fragmented minority parties under FPTP in many cases cause the party system to gravitate towards a party of the ‘left’ and a party of the ‘right’, alternating in power.Third parties often wither away and almost never reach a level of popular support above which their national vote yields a comparable percentage of seats in the legislature. It gives rise to single-party governments. The ‘seat bonuses’ for the largest party common under FPTP (e. g. where one party wins 45 per cent of the national vote but 55 per cent of the seats) mean that coalition governments are the exception rather than the rule.This state of affairs is praised for providing cabinets which are not shackled by the restraints of having to bargain with a minority coalition partner. It gives rise to a coherent opposition in the legislature. In theory, the flip side of a strong single-party government is that the opposition is also given enough seats to perform a critical checking role and present itself as a realistic alternative to the government of the day. It advantages broadly-based political parties.In severely ethnically or regionally divided societies, FPTP is commended for encouraging political parties to be ‘broad churches’, encompassing many elements of society, particularly when there are only two major parties and many different societal groups. These parties can then field a diverse array of candidates for election. In Malaysia, for example, the Barisan Nasional government is made up of a broadly-based um brella movement which fields Malay, Chinese, and Indian candidates in areas of various ethnic complexions.It excludes extremist parties from representation in the legislature. Unless an extremist minority party’s electoral support is geographically concentrated, it is unlikely to win any seats under FPTP. (By contrast, under a List PR system with a single national-level district and a large number of seats, a fraction of 1 per cent of the national vote can ensure representation in the legislature. ) It promotes a link between constituents and their representatives, as it produces a legislature made up of representatives of geographical areas.Elected members represent defined areas of cities, towns, or regions rather than just party labels. Some analysts have argued that this ‘geographic accountability’ is particularly important in agrarian societies and in developing countries. It allows voters to choose between people rather than just between parties. Voters can assess the performance of individual candidates rather than just having to accept a list of candidates presented by a party, as can happen under some List PR electoral systems. It gives a chance for popular independent candidates to be elected.This may be particularly important in developing party systems, where politics still revolves more around extended ties of family, clan, or kinship and is not based on strong party political organizations. Finally, FPTP systems are particularly praised for being simple to use and understand. A valid vote requires only one mark beside the name or symbol of one candidate. Even if the number of candidates on the ballot paper is large, the count is easy for electoral officials to conduct. Disadvantages of FPTPHowever, FPTP is frequently criticized for a number of reasons. These include: It excludes smaller parties from ‘fair’ representation, in the sense that a party which wins approximately, say, 10 per cent of the votes should win approximately 10 per cent of the legislative seats. In the 1993 federal election in Canada, the Progressive Conservatives won 16 per cent of the votes but only 0. 7 per cent of the seats, and in the 1998 general election in Lesotho, the Basotho National Party won 24 per cent of the votes but only 1 per cent of the seats.This is a pattern which is repeated time and time again under FPTP. It excludes minorities from fair representation. As a rule, under FPTP, parties put up the most broadly acceptable candidate in a particular district so as to avoid alienating the majority of electors. Thus it is rare, for example, for a black candidate to be given a major party’s nomination in a majority white district in the UK or the USA, and there is strong evidence that ethnic and racial minorities across the world are far less likely to be represented in legislatures elected by FPTP.In consequence, if voting behaviour does dovetail with ethnic divisions, then the exclusion from represent ation of members of ethnic minority groups can be destabilizing for the political system as a whole. It excludes women from the legislature. The ‘most broadly acceptable candidate’ syndrome also affects the ability of women to be elected to legislative office because they are often less likely to be selected as candidates by male-dominated party structures. Evidence across the world suggests that women are less likely to be elected to the legislature under plurality/majority systems than under PR ones.It can encourage the development of political parties based on clan, ethnicity or region, which may base their campaigns and policy platforms on conceptions that are attractive to the majority of people in their district or region but exclude or are hostile to others. This has been an ongoing problem in African countries like Malawi and Kenya, where large communal groups tend to be regionally concentrated. The country is thus divided into geographically separate party stro ngholds, with little incentive for parties to make appeals outside their home region and cultural–political base.It exaggerates the phenomenon of ‘regional fiefdoms’ where one party wins all the seats in a province or area. If a party has strong support in a particular part of a country, winning a plurality of votes, it will win all, or nearly all, of the seats in the legislature for that area. This both excludes minorities in that area from representation and reinforces the perception that politics is a battleground defined by who you are and where you live rather than what you believe in.This has long been put forward as an argument against FPTP in Canada. It leaves a large number of wasted votes which do not go towards the election of any candidate. This can be particularly dangerous if combined with regional fiefdoms, because minority party supporters in the region may begin to feel that they have no realistic hope of ever electing a candidate of their choice . It can also be dangerous where alienation from the political system increases the likelihood that extremists will be able to mobilize anti-system movements.It can cause vote-splitting. Where two similar parties or candidates compete under FPTP, the vote of their potential supporters is often split between them, thus allowing a less popular party or candidate to win the seat. Papua New Guinea provides a particularly clear example. It may be unresponsive to changes in public opinion. A pattern of geographically concentrated electoral support in a country means that one party can maintain exclusive executive control in the face of a substantial drop in overall popular support.In some democracies under FPTP, a fall from 60 per cent to 40 per cent of a party’s share of the popular vote nationally can result in a fall from 80 per cent to 60 per cent in the number of seats held, which does not affect its overall dominant position. Unless sufficient seats are highly competitive, th e system can be insensitive to swings in public opinion. Finally, FPTP systems are dependent on the drawing of electoral boundaries. All electoral boundaries have political consequences: there is no technical process to produce a single ‘correct answer’ independently of political or other considerations.Boundary delimitation may require substantial time and resources if the results are to be accepted as legitimate. There may also be pressure to manipulate boundaries by gerrymandering or malapportionment. This was particularly apparent in the Kenyan elections of 1993 when huge disparities between the sizes of electoral districts—the largest had 23 times the number of voters the smallest had—contributed to the ruling Kenyan African National Union party’s winning a large majority in the legislature with only 30 per cent of the popular vote.

The Life of Sgt. Dillon Black Foxx

Sgt. Dillon B. Foxx Born Dec. 2nd, 1987 in Traverse City, MI Died Feb. 5th, 2010 in Badghis Province, Afghanistan serving during Operation Enduring Freedom Sgt. Dillon Black Foxx of Traverse City, Michigan spent his early years living in Tennessee. When he was 17 he moved to Michigan where he graduated from Traverse City West Senior High School in 2006. Sgt. Foxx changed his name and used to go by Robert Dillon Lentz. He enlisted in the Army in May 2006 at the age of 18. When he did, his friends thought he was crazy. They reminded him the country was at war. Nope, he said, he wasn’t crazy; he was doing exactly what he needed to do. An awesome soldier with a free spirit, he maintained the same personality he carried his whole life into the military: a self-starter and someone others could count on. Dillon had attended One Station Unit Training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and Basic School at Fort Benning Georgia. When he finished his training, Dillon reported to Fort Bragg, where he was assigned to the 1st Battalion of the 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment. In January 2007, he deployed with the unit to Afghanistan for 15 months. He returned in April 2008. He was promoted to sergeant in January 2009 and went to Afghanistan in August for his second deployment, assigned to the 1st Battalion, 508th Parachute Infantry, 4th Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division, from Fort Bragg, North Carolina, his duty as a forward observer. He died February 5th in Bala Murghab, Afghanistan, of wounds suffered when enemy forces attacked his unit with an improvised explosive device. Dillon received numerous awards including an Army Commendation with Valor Device, the Army Commendation with two Bronze Oak Leaf Clusters, the Army Achievement Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Afghanistan Campaign Medal, the Global Terrorism Service Medal, the Army Service Ribbon, the Overseas Service Ribbon, the NATO Medal, the Combat Action Badge, the Basic Parachutist Badge and the Purple Heart posthumously. Dillon will be remembered by those who had the opportunity to meet him, serve with him or love him. Dillon is survived by his mother, Trina Pfau of Manton; father, Robert Lentz of Tennessee; his seven-month-old son, Kaiden Levi Foxx; Kaiden's mother, Jessica Cross; two brothers, Chad (Andrienne) Stewart and their son Blake, currently stationed with the United States Marine Corp in California, Dale Blakeslee of Manton; two sisters, Savannah Lentz and Lenzy Blakeslee, both of Manton; grandparents, Linda Stewart, Linda Gale and Walter Lentz; great-grandmother, Fern (Ben) Chupp; his uncle, Chuck (Bonnie) Stewart; an aunt, Alisha (Les) Wormell; and many other loving family members, friends and comrades of the service. The Governor ordered flags down to half staff across the state to honor the northern Michigan soldier. Memorial services with Military Honors took place at 11 a. m. on Friday, February 19, 2010 at the NMC Hagerty Center, with visitation one hour prior to the service. The Rev. Justin Grimm did Officiate. Memorial contributions may be directed to the Sgt. Dillon Foxx Memorial Fund, c/o Traverse City State Bank, PO Box 192, Traverse City, MI 49685. Please share thoughts with the family at Dillon's online guestbook at www. reynolds-jonkhoff. com. The family is being served by the REYNOLDS-JONKHOFF FUNERAL HOME AND CREMATION SERVICES, (231) 947-6347. The more than hour long service began with a reading of a poem written by Sergeant Foxx. The first line read, â€Å"If I ever go to war Mom, please don't be afraid. There are some things I must do, To keep the promise that I made. † Every stanza there after reminded family and friends never to worry while their loved one was off at war. It was a tearful service, but it showcased the absolute best of Sgt. Foxx through anecdotes and memories. During the memorial service, Army personal presented Sergeant Foxx's family with military honors including a purple heart and a flag presentation. 9&10 News talked to the family after the service at a luncheon at the VFW Hall in Traverse City. They said they were overwhelmed with the support from the community. â€Å"We would like to express our thanks for the outpouring generosity that has been tremendous and overwhelming,† says Stewart. â€Å"Friends and strangers alike have just been so supportive. † His family described him as a â€Å"quick learner† who picked up new tasks easily and worked hard to get the job done, whatever the job was. The family wanted to thank everyone for their support, including family and friends in Tennessee, Ohio, Michigan, Florida, Fort Bragg, the local V. F. W. and the military I send my sincere condolences to the family and friends of SGT Dillon B. Foxx. May the Lord comfort you in the difficult days ahead. Godspeed Dillon†¦.. Godspeed†¦.. Those we love remain with us For love itself lives on†¦ Cherished memories never fade Because one loved is gone. Those we love can never be More than a thought apart†¦ For as long as there is memory, They live on in our hearts. Traverse City Soldiers post Posted by Lisa McQueen, Harbor Springs – Sunday, February 07, 2010 at 8:15 p. m. Our military family shares in your pain, this community supports you in grief and this country is grateful for your sacrifice. We are humbled by the service of your son. Thoughts and prayers to you during this most difficult time. Posted by J Meadows, TX – Tuesday, February 09, 2010 at 10:56 a. m. RIP Airborne! St. Michael, Guide this Paratrooper to a waiting formation of the Jump Master in the Sky! From: Diablo A staff sergeant and captain who worked with Foxx describe him as a self-starter and someone they could always count on. Foxx’s brother made a statement when asked about his brother â€Å"He did what he did,† says Chad Stewart, Foxx's brother. â€Å"It's just like anyone else that deploys†¦ unfortunately it was him, but he did what he wanted to do. † TRAVERSE CITY — Flags lined the walkway of Traverse City's Hagerty Center early Friday morning. A somber mood, yet a patriotic spirit as people paid their respects to 22-year old Sergeant Dillon Foxx. A fallen soldier is being remembered as a local hero. â€Å"I just think it really brings it home that it's somebody in your own backyard that was in Afghanistan and has passed away,† says Dan Brady of Traverse City. This young man lost his life. He gave the ultimate sacrifice fighting for our country. My heart goes out to his family,† says Traverse City resident, Marianne Abramson. â€Å"My son also serves in the 82nd Airborne. This is his second tour in Iraq and he is 22 years old and it just really hits close to home. I feel for this child's family. I do. I can't imagine my son not coming home,† says Elk Rapids resident, Mary Gallagher. â€Å"He laid down his life for us and I know the family but it's my way of showing support. I believe in what their son did. Being a veteran of the Gulf War myself is something I feel compelled to do,† says Midland resident, Jim Johnston. It's personal stories like this that brought out people from around the state, even complete strangers simply to say, â€Å"thank you. † â€Å"It's just a reminder that our freedom is really not free. There's soldiers dying every day for our freedom,† Soldiers who are thousands of miles away just like Sergeant Foxx putting our country before themselves. Now, a community is stepping up to show its support for his sacrifice. *Tribute to Sgt. Dillon Foxx* SGT Foxx was one of the best kind of people to know. Smart, funny, brave, compassionate, and extremely outgoing. For us paratroopers lucky enough to work with him on a daily bases, this loss shook us to the core. The loss of a true friend, mentor and brother will never be forgotten. I love you man past, present, and future. From: Jarmacus Smith. While I didn't know Sgt Foxx personally, my husband is currently serving in Iraq on his 2nd tour, my best friend of 18 years was killed in action in Iraq, 3 years ago this may 23rd, and I have several friends and family in the military. I thank Sgt. Foxx from the bottom of my heart for his selfless service to this country. And to his family, I will always have you in my thoughts and prayers. May you find peace in knowing that he will NEVER be forgotten. From: Rebekah Marie Lane. God bless the family and thank you Sgt. for keeping my family safe. Your selflessness is what separates you from the average civilian. Thank you. From: Dave Wylie. Here is a poem I found that I think the family would like to read in regards to their loss and their feelings at this time â€Å"Life Is A Fragile Thing†: â€Å"Life is a fragile thing And it can change within an instant Nothing is safe from the effects of change No person or possession we're given The only things we can hold forever Are the memories in our hearts The loves we share upon this earth Before it comes our time to part So choose a pathway that brings you joy Take time for quiet moments each day Appreciate the challenges that strengthen your soul And the blessings God sends your way Don't let your heart be ruled by anger It's just not worth the stress For the tumult will only expand in your heart And crowd out happiness Live each day with wonder and gratitude For the beauty that surrounds you And share your abundance generously It'll ensure future blessings will surround you Meekly accept that life's journey will include Unexpected, soul-wrenching heartaches That will bruise your soul and alter the course You always imagined your life would take And when that happens you'll have the choice To embrace hope or hopelessness You can't avoid grief, but you can refuse to accept A lonely future of bitterness So choose to be grateful for each moment With the loved ones you've been given†¦ † I also found some pictures of Sgt. Dillon Foxx that will put a face to the story. ? Sgt. Dillon Foxx Military Picture ? Dillon Foxx & His Son ? Sgt. Dillon Foxx on duty. ? Sgt. Dillon Foxx is being carried to his funeral in his casket. I found this poem which I feel explains Sgt Dillon Foxx and his selflessness he showed with the way he lived his life and giving of himself to the military. â€Å"This fundamental truth of the self can be realized only if the individual is willing and courageous enough to follow to some natural conclusion this moment of experience, this facing the unknown and participating with the total commitment of the self. Such expression, such passion for life may emerge in written, spoken, graphic or aesthetic forms in relation or in isolation; in I-Thou encounters; and in silent, inner experience. A compassionate willingness is required – as is the courage to live before the fact, before the understanding, before any rational support or certainty, to live the moment to its natural peak and conclusion, and to accept with dignity whatever joy, grief, misfortune, or unexpectedness occurs. I think that I found a quote that explains how Sgt Dillon Foxx felt since he stated it to his family and friends that he was doing what he wanted to do. â€Å"I have lived on a razors edge. So what if you fall off, I'd rather be doing something I really wanted to do. I'd walk it again. † I would like to say to Sgt Dillon Foxx’s family and anyone else that has lost a love one, Do not cry over your loss but celebrate the life they once lived. Remember them for all the good times you shared, rather then dwell on what will never be. When you keep them in good memories and thoughts it makes it easier day by day to get through. God is always willing and ready to help you through your hurt and pain all you have to do is call upon him and ask for his help. For those of us who do not have family or friends in the military or that take everyday for granted, please remember it is people like Sgt. Dillon Foxx that scarify their lives everyday to help us live free.

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Reaction Paper

My Reaction to I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Maya Angelou once proclaimed in an interview, â€Å"All my work is meant to say, ‘You may encounter many defeats but you must not be defeated’† (Anthology). This statement holds especially true in her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Her inspirational coming of age story is filled with many defeats that shaped her into the independent and compassionate woman she became. After reading this book, I found there to be many meaningful areas that opened up my eyes and made me think again about my own personal and professional development.In addition, it allowed me to inquire more questions and wanted me to learn more about Maya Angelou’s path to greatness. There were many significant parts in Angelou’s autobiography that dealt with the issues of racism, sexism, violence, and loneliness. In my opinion, the parts that dealt with these various issues were most meaningful because they are controversi al issues that Angelou was courageous enough to write about. From the start of the book, Angelou expresses her racist views when she is in church and fantasizes that one day she will wake up out of her â€Å"black ugly dream. This part of the book foreshadows the rest of the racist events that will occur throughout the novel. For instance, the time when Angelou goes to the dentist with her Momma, the dentist says he would rather stick his hand in the mouth of a dog than in her mouth. Later in the book, Angelou discusses how she is raped by her mother’s boyfriend. She does not speak for five years because of this sexual assault. Later on, when her silence is broken, Angelou is involved with a violent attack. This time it is her father’s girlfriend who stabs her with scissors out of pure jealousy.Throughout the book Angelou feels alone because she has insecurities about the way that she looks and the color of her skin. Her loneliness is drawn out more after she is raped because she puts the blame on herself. All these monumental parts of the book are most meaningful because it shows Angelou’s endurance and how her life is not frayed by the unfortunate events that took place in her life. Throughout her childhood, Angelou experienced things that she should have never had to experience. It is admirable to think that with so many negatives in ones life Angelou was able to become such a successful person.Reading about Angelou’s experiences led me to think about my development as a person. Maya Angelou turned out to be successful even through her harsh childhood. I then question myself about what is stopping myself from developing in such way with a normal childhood. Upon finishing I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, I took away many reasons why this book will help my personal and professional development. I never experienced a traumatic childhood quite the way Angelou did. Therefore, I should be more thankful for the loving family I have, th e non-prejudice community I live in, my safety, and my college education.If Angelou was as victorious as she was all while enduring major hardships, then there is no excuse for me not to be. This book has also taught me, even though I may not see it, that people do go through hardships. For example, when Angelou took a vow of silence after her rape, no one understood why she was doing it. There is always a reason for why a person acts in the way that they do. As a professional, I will do my best not to judge anyone on the outside because I have no idea what goes on in their personal life. As a future occupational therapist, I will try to have my clients open up to me.Therefore, I can find out what is going on in their personal life and not judge them, but help them instead. I may have an impact on a clients life just by giving them an equal opportunity. There are many questions I raised and areas that I would like to learn more about upon finishing the autobiography of Maya Angelou. The novel ends in a positive picture of Maya with her newborn son. I question how much did Angelou’s life change with her newborn son and how she was able to accomplish so many things while taking care of her child?She, after all, was involved with the civil rights movement of the 1960s, and published many famous works of literature. Was it hard for her as an African American woman to achieve so much while facing racism and sexism? Lastly, how does her story end? Does Angelou end up with a loving husband whom she could’ve celebrated all her achievements with? My response to this novel is a positive one. The most meaningful part of this book is the way that Angelou was able to find herself while enduring major conflicts such as racism, sexism, violence, and loneliness. In her wn words she did encounter many defeats, but that did not stop her from being the best that she could be. For that reason Maya Angelou is an inspiration and a role model. From reading this book I know now that I am capable of developing myself more personally and professionally. I have not encountered many defeats in my life but if I were I know that I can brave the storm and not be defeated, just like Angelou was not. References Angelou, M. (1997). I know why the caged bird sings. New York, NY: Ballantine Books. Douglass, F. (2004). The norton anthology of african american literature. (2 ed. ). New York New York: W. W. Norton and company.

Midterm (R) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Midterm (R) - Essay Example The basic purpose of geographical value judgment is the implication of qualitative thinking to handle future geographical events. It is necessary for students to predict future events and have a clear view of what geographical events could occur in the future. Centripetal and centrifugal forces act in opposition to each other with centripetal force pulling creating a state of stability and centrifugal force destabilizing the state. The centripetal force binds the citizens together by creating this state of stability. The basic aim of nationalism is to promote and create cohesion in the state by creating allegiance and accepting the goals. Nationalism brings the people of a country and a nation together whereas getting true nation is rare in this world e.g. the national Canadian railway is a symbol of nationalism in the country. Also, we can say that institutions on small scale create a sense of unity in the nation by teachings of cohesion and commission. The promotion of social welfare and development of a nation’s culture is their responsibility. For a nation to be united, it should have one language. Different languages spoken by the people of one nation keep them from communicating with each other and create a sense of unrest in the community. This communication barrier may cause misunderstandings and raise conflicts which would lead to civil unrest and disruption of peace e.g. Quebec and Francophone are still fighting for their independence from Canada because of civil unrests due to different dialects and languages. Religion on the other hand is an important factor to create unity and allegiance in a nation. We can also say that different religions in a same country can lead to a state of competition and cause destabilization in the country. In the time of USSR, politicians worked in favor atheism to remove religion as a factor which might lead to disruption of peace and violence in the country

Definition assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Definition - Assignment Example This is an essential ingredient of life that people should have as they pursue their dreams and aspirations so that even in each busy life, people would be able to go about their businesses respecting the lives of other people around them and in the process, creating peace in the community. According to Webster’s dictionary, peace is â€Å"A state of quiet or tranquility, freedom from disturbance or agitation, calm, repose, absence or cessation of war, general order and tranquility or freedom from riot or violence† (927). A peaceful heart and mind is often symbolized by a river that runs deep. It is believed that a body of water where the water seems not to move is deep. Therefore, such a state is often described as calm waters as opposed to turbulent waters which create a disturbing noise and an image of the strong current it possesses. Similarly, a person who has peace in his heart will be calm and quiet even during difficult times. In contrast, a person who is not peaceful will flee all at once to all directions, not knowing what to do in times of troubles. A peaceful person shows a confident character that even during times of chaos, such does not affect the freedom of disturbance in his mind and heart. This is characteristic of what is called inner p eace. When people are fighting against each other, there is violence. This is evident of the war waging inside the mind and heart of people. when there is hatred, retaliation is a great possibility which often leads to fights either verbally or physically. Whatever way it is shown, violence is not representative of peace rather is the extreme opposite of it. As Webster describes it, peace is the absence of violence, riot and war. For instance, in Israel today, it cannot be said that there is peace in the country because it is being attacked by its enemies and the nation is retaliating. There is chaos and war in the nation. However, the absence of violence does not always mean there is real peace. Going

Accommodations and Modifications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accommodations and Modifications - Assignment Example Accommodations and modification have been helpful when administering instructions and assessment for students with special needs. This is because accommodations strategies are designed to meet the needs of every individual that ensures equal delivery, as well as standard academic contents. In this research work, the student with specific learning disability (SLD) will be considered. This disability makes the victim to have difficulty in understanding and acquiring language both written and spoken. In addition, being a student learning English as a second language, the student also has a disability of English learning. In specific, the student suffering from this disorder has problems of listening, spelling, writing, speaking and performing complicated puzzles together with doing mathematics (Beech 23). Such student can be supported by the use of the accommodation and modification. This strategy is organized into four categories namely presentation, response, scheduling, and setting. Presentation involves setting the student to access the relevant information. Since this student has difficulty in reading, instructions and assessment can be administered in form of illustrations and graphics such as audio, visual, or tactile. However, this approach cannot be effective in some cases where the information to be relayed cannot be either graphed or illustrated. Additionally, preparing theses illustrations and graphics is difficult and time consuming. For response, the student can be introduced to alternative ways of responses as opposed to the conventional ways such as writing, speaking, and drawing. The alternative methods of response, that student should be introduced to include scribes, computers, or word processors, braille, and word prediction software. Other alternative methods of response are voice recorders, portable sound recording

Discrimination in employment and labour market segmentation Essay

Discrimination in employment and labour market segmentation - Essay Example This research aims to evaluate and present inequality in workplaces that has been observed as a global scenario. The level and seriousness of these inequalities are however dependant on specific cultural and social realties relating to the workplace. This resultantly forms inequality regimes within the organisation. These are basically organisational meanings, processes, actions and practices which lead to bias on the basis of gender, class or race. It has been observed that in due course of time organisations automatically tend to develop these kinds of regimes which are unequal with others at various aspects. In contemporary organisations in Europe and all across the globe, these inequality regimes are denoted generally by gaps in salaries, powers and respect. Kertesi & Kollo has reported that there was substantial growth in inequalities within the organisations in Central and Eastern Europe. It is interesting to note that these trends are observed in Europe even in organisations w hich work towards specific social causes. Ferree and Martin and Scott have provided evidences suggesting inequality regimes prevalent in egalitarian feminist organizations. This must be read together with the fact that the larger vision of these organisations are bringing in gender equality. This observation suggests the extent to which labour market is segmented inequality is prevalent in work environments and confirms the existence of labour market segmentation in Europe. ... In contemporary organisations in Europe and all across the globe, these inequality regimes are denoted generally by gaps in salaries, powers and respect. Kertesi & Kollo (2000) has reported that there was substantial growth in inequalities within the organisations in Central and Eastern Europe. It is interesting to note that these trends are observed in Europe even in organisations which work towards specific social causes. Ferree and Martin (1995) and Scott (2000) have provided evidences suggesting inequality regimes prevalent in egalitarian feminist organizations. This must be read together with the fact that the larger vision of these organisations are bringing in gender equality. This observation suggests the extent to which labour market is segmented inequality is prevalent in work environments and confirms the existence of labour market segmentation in Europe. Acker (2006) has defined organisational inequality as â€Å"systematic disparities between participants in power and c ontrol over goals, resources, and outcomes; workplace decisions such as how to organize work; opportunities for promotion and interesting work; security in employment and benefits; pay and other monetary rewards; respect; and pleasures in work and work relations†. As mentioned earlier the extent of disparities in these factors will differ with organisations. It has been observed that out of these factors the most reported ones are inequality over goals and resources. Inequalities in organisations are both direct and indirect in nature. The direct implication of inequality is the formation of inequality regimes as mentioned before. It has been widely approved by researchers that on the job inequality does not constrain its causal roots to the behavioural traits of the employees.

Your pick for THIS PROJECT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Your pick for THIS PROJECT - Assignment Example In 2008, we organized a two-week corporate tour for Barclays Bank employees. Egypt was their target destination and we are proud to announce that the trip was a success. The trip was intended to be an appraisal for outstanding performers and we were able to enable them to fulfill their dream. At Explorer Tours, we believe in offering the best value for money. Thus our cost policies are designed to cater to a wide range of customers who value our services. We enjoy outstanding collaboration with other established business partners such as hotels and airline companies and hence we are able to strike the best deals for our customers. At our company, you can find the best deals for beach holidays, all inclusive cruises, family holidays, corporate holidays and adult holidays. We also have special discounts for cooperates, return and referred customers. Our prices range from  £ 666 -  £200 per person depending on the destination and accommodation requirements. At explorer tours and travel, you will never go wrong with late booking, trip cancellation and occurrence of unfortunate events. Tours and travel is a risky venture and therefore we are concerned with the welfare of our customers. To facilitate smooth operations, we have partnered with Argos Travel Insurance Company. In addition, our contract requires us to assume full responsibility for our customers and their belongings. We value our customers and therefore we provide cover for trip cancellations and other insurable events. For more information on travel packages, offers, holiday destinations and adventure clubs visit our website at explorertours.com. Corporate clients are requested to be on the lookout for our upcoming team-building trip to be held in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The website also has latest information on tours and travel and the trendy holiday destinations. Information on baggage allowance, online bookings, credits cards and advance payments is also available on the website. Testimonies and

Art style research and two artist researches Paper

Art style and two artist researches - Research Paper Example They wanted to produce two-dimensional canvass and used multiple vantage points. According to Rewald (2001), Picasso and Braque had common favourite instilling â€Å"musical instruments, bottles, pitchers, glasses, newspapers, playing cards and the human face and figure† in their art works. Cubism was not only adopted in paintings, but it was also popular in architecture and sculpture during the twentieth century (rewald, 2001). Nesic (n.d.) discussed that Cubism was once just an idea before it really became a style. The cubism is an approach to art which wanted to represent the reality of the world in concepts and not about perceptions (Nesic, n.d.). Paul Cezanne is one of the most influential painters during the nineteenth century (Galenson & Weinberg 2001). Cezanne enumerated ingredients of cubism which include geometry, simultaneity and passage and tried to introduce the concept of the Fourth Dimension (Nesic, n.d.). There are two distinct phases of cubism: analytical and synthetic. The Analytic cubists create artworks with multiple and overlapping planes while synthetic cubists produce artworks made of colored papers cut out in shapes (Rewald 2001). Analytical cubism which lasted until 1912 used geometric framework to create a subject image as an overall effect (Cubism, n.d.). Synthetic cubism on the other hand was mainly influenced by the introduction of collages, both simple and bold (Cubism, n.d.). Unlike analytical cubism, this phase is appear to be more abstract but characterized by a more direct, vibrant and attractive style (Cubism, n.d.). For this paper I will discuss the work of three contemporary cubist painters: Susanna Sharp and Luiza Vizoli. There paintings are characterized by collages of abstract geometric forms which characterized the style of cubism. There subjects are more on human face and musical instruments like the great founders Picasso and Braque. Luiza Vizoli is a fulltime contemporary professional artist

500 word reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

500 word reflection - Essay Example I realize that learning in a mentoring relationship is not one-way. Both parties benefit from it - the mentee, for obvious reasons of imbibing wisdom from the mentor, and the mentor, for being updated on current trends that he needs to incorporate in his mentoring. A mentor must enrich his knowledge with research. In our tutorial sessions, learning is very palpable. Motivation is high in the positive learning environment we tutors were able to create. Sometimes, the direction of learning is from the tutor to the student, other times, the student provides new learning to the tutor. This flow of learning vacillates as tutor and student interact. Sometimes, learning happens with group interactions, where each member contributes his or her own learning. Such learning is internalized when the learner is on his own, and does his own individual learning. I learned from my readings of Vygotsky’s principles that interactions are likely to go through a process called intersubjectivity. This is when two people are engaged in a task and begin from different understandings but with interaction, comes to an agreed, shared understanding. I have experienced this many times when explaining some difficult concepts to my tutees. At first, we initially debate opposite arguments but upon more understanding of the concept because of listening to each other’s opinions, we end up seeing the concept in one direction. I try to be patient considering our cultural differences, and sometimes the language barrier gets in the way. However, if I persist hard enough, I do get through to them no matter how long and difficult it takes. With the students I helped, and the limited time I spent with them, I gained insights about how much a teacher does and can do. Initially, I felt inadequate as a tutor when first faced with a heterogeneous group. However, I realized that taking cues

Discussion Board question and comment Assignment

Discussion Board question and comment - Assignment Example Apparently, productivity increases as the number of inputs increases. However, this is not the case as I recently witnessed a scenario where a company specializing in motor vehicles assembly hired more workers only to be disappointed that the move only drained the company’s resources and increased operational expenses without a significant increase in output. Thus, while it is important to increase productivity, companies must strive to ensure that the desired productivity is attained with the same resources. While it is true that multifactor productivity pinpoints the efficiency of a company, I believe that there is more items to consider when assessing the efficiency rather than merely focusing on the production process. Maybe we should consider sales turnover as well as how the company meets its plans. However, we cannot claim with certainty that reducing inputs increases productivity as this is not always the case. The volume of production should most appropriately be increased through motivating employees and providing appropriate amount of materials. Non-financial rewards will work best as they do not upsurge the labor cost. I believe that productivity can best be explained as the efficiency of production and not as â€Å"represent the economic value of the factors of production† as you put it. However, it is true that when determining productivity, one must determine the market value of the inputs and outputs. The suggestion that productivity be improved through scientific methods is quite reasonable. Technology and investment in skilled labor coupled with motivation of employees, I believe, are best suited to improve the productivity of firms in a country. Moreover, it will improve the productivity of the country resulting in growth and development where welfare of citizens will dexterously

Pregnancy and Birth Control Essay Example for Free

Pregnancy and Birth Control Essay Birth Control is the Best Way to Fight with Teenage Pregnancy Teen pregnancy is frequently discussed all over the country and the efforts have not reduced the numbers, as teens continue to have unsafe sex which eventually leads to pregnancy. These developments led different experts to consider the issue of abstinence, abortion, and general sex education in order to reduce the rates of pregnancy among teens. The average teen will be curious about sex when he or she starts puberty and begins to be aware of his or her body. There are different strategies for dealing with teenage pregnancy such as sex education, abstinence, or abortion but the most effective strategy involves the careful use of birth controls. There are lots of factors that lead to teenage pregnancy. The first factor arises from a lack of parental guidance. Most parents evade their children when it comes time to talk about sex. In some cases, they provide false information regarding sex and discourage their children to participate in any informative discussion about sex. However, in other cases, teenagers are not well educated about sex before they get pregnant. This then leads to lack of communication between parents and their children. A second cause of teenage pregnancy is due to the adolescent’s sex behavior. In this case, peer pressure is a major factor that encourages teenagers to engage in sexual activities. Early dating is also another behavior that can cause unwanted pregnancy in teenagers. â€Å"According to research, 29% of teens were pressurized to have sex, 33% of teens were sexually active and that they felt things moving fast sexually (What are the Causes of teenage Pregnancy? 2009).† A third cause of teenage pregnancy is not having enough knowledge about safe sex. Most adolescents are unaware about safe sex. They have little or no information about how to prevent pregnancy. The main reason behind that is that they are too embarrassed or shy to seek information about it. â€Å"Research found that there are more than 80% of teenage pregnancies are unplanned (What are the Causes of teenage Pregnancy? 2009).† A fourth cause of teenage pregnancy is due to social economic factors. In this case, teenagers who belong to poor families are more likely to become pregnant because they do not usually get enough education about sex and birth control. Another cause of teenage pregnancy is contraceptive failure. This is a very common cause of teenage pregnancies today. There are many brands and types of contraceptives and birth control pills that are available in the market, but they are not guaranteed for  complete safety. Sometimes, not knowing how to use a contraceptive properly can lead to unwanted teenage pregnancy. There are also many side effects from contraception including physical changes in the body which can sometimes result in miscarriage or newborn defects; â€Å"emotional trauma of handling a child at such an early age, changes in life styles, and also termination of pregnancy affects the general health (Admin).† So, one should think about all this before he or she gets involved in sex. In addition, there are many ways to help prevent teenage pregnancy. The advice for parents and other groups that directly work with teens is to educate them on the dangers of sex before marriage and that abstinence is the best way to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. Abstinence is now a trend in the states and different studies have been conducted to evaluate the usefulness and results of abstaining from sex before marriage. A University of Pennsylvania sociologist, John Jemmott, explained the result of the different abstinence sessions conducted on the teen pregnancy issues. â€Å"In a sample this size, the difference between the comprehensive class and the abstinence class – Thirty-three percent vs. Forty-one percent – was not statistically significant†, said Jemmott, so it is accurate to say they perform comparably. The issue of abstinence is being challenged by some groups who say that abstinence only makes teenagers less aware of safe sex if they find themselves in such situations, and that the rate of teenage pregnancy is not high enough to make abstinence the major direction discussed in sex education (Flam, 2010). Bill Albert, the chief program officer of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy says even adults who know better about pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases still have sex before marriage, Studies shows that only eight percent of adults wait until marriage (Flam, 2010). Abortion is another major factor in the increasing rate of teenage pregnancy. Abortion can be described as the elimination of a zygote before it develops to its full stage. Teens have changed their attitude towards sex because of the availability of abortion and this has led to an increase of more teens becoming pregnant. According to Collison, the teenagers, who were abstaining from premarital sex before the introduction of abortion, are now engaging in it because they know that if they happen to get pregnant, there is a way to get out of such a situation. Some other experts argue that abortion is a positive factor that  has to be put in place if teenage pregnancies are to be reduced, because most of these teens do not have the financial or moral standard to take care of their babies in the normal way (Collison, 2001). â€Å"From 1995 to 1997, the abortion rate decreased 3.9 percent among females younger than 15 years of age (from 2.8 to 2.7 per 1,000), 10.1 percent among females 15 to 17 years of age (from 18.2 to 16.3 per 1,000), and 5.4 percent among females 18 to 19 years of age (from 39.6 to 37.5 per 1,000) (Teenage pregnancy, birth, and abortion. (2002) (Fact 52)† Furthermore, the bad name given to abortion has made it almost impossible for teens to get rid of unwanted pregnancies which could ruin their lives. Research has shown that some teens who cannot abort unwanted pregnancies decide to kill the baby after birth, which is infanticide. An example of this kind of situation is the story of two college students, Amy and Brian who drove from New Jersey to Delaware and rented a motel room. There, Amy gave birth to a baby boy. Brian, it was reported, beat the baby to death, stuffed him in a plastic bag, and threw him in a trash container. (Collison, 2001). Birth control has its negative and positive effects, but one thing is for sure, it is a very effective way of preventing pregnancy. For the first time in fourteen years teen pregnancy rose in the year 2007 (Stacey, 2009). Researchers are discovering that there are certain patterns in teen’s behaviors that are connected to a higher and more consistent birth control use. A study in 2007 published in the journal â€Å"Demography†, Contraceptive Use Patterns across Teen’s Sexual relationships: The Role of Relationships, Pa rtners, and sexual histories provides information on teen birth control usage. According to the study many teens use birth control inconsistently (Manlove, Ryan, Franzetta, 2007). In fact, four out of ten teens do not use contraceptives properly. Teens that have used birth control in the past are shown to be more likely to use it in the future. This proves that teens may learn from their past relationship experiences. However, teens in romantic relationships are more likely to use birth control for the first time, but fail to use it anytime after that. Approximately 67 percent of teens 12 to 19 years of age feel that if they were to offer advice to leaders in Washington regarding teen pregnancy, they would suggest greater emphasis on both encouraging teens not to have sexual relations and on birth control or protection (Teenage pregnancy, birth, and abortion, 2002 (Fact 71). Forty percent of women who  use birth control experience side effects for the first three months. After the first three months, side effects seem to diminish (Theresa, 2001). Mild negative side effects of the pill include: irregular menstrual bleeding, missed periods, spotting between periods, nausea, weight gain or weight loss, headaches, dizziness, breast tenderness, mood changes, and an increase in vaginal infections. The more serious negative effects of the pill include: blood clots, stroke, heart attack, worsening of migraine headaches, gall bladder disease, increase in blood pressure, and a rare liver tumor. Any person who smokes, is older than thirty-five, has diabetes, high blood pressure, heart or vascular disease, high cholesterol and triglyceride abnormalities is at a much higher risk for the birth control side effects. Even though there may seem to be negative side effects, not all are harmful. Many women in fact are put on the pill to help with cycle problems rather than to prevent pregnancy (Theresa, 2001). Positive side effects of the pill include: lighter menstruation, reduction of cramps, improvement of acne, protection against non-cancerous breast growth, reduction in anemia and ovarian cysts, decreased risk of uterine cancer, decreased risk of infection of the fallopian tubes, decreased risk of ectopic pregnancy and less incidence of rheumatoid arthritis. The bad side effects of the pill are very rare. Using birth control pills is a reliable way to prevent teen pregnancy, and has a success rate of 99.9%. When a young teen weighs the pros and cons of birth control, most see the pros out weighing the cons. Abstinence is the only way to be completely sure to not get pregnant and to be 100% safe, however birth control is the next best method. Teen pregnancy is a very hot topic that concerns many people and organizations, who are trying to slow the epidemic. There are many reasons why teen pregnancy needs to be reduced in America. Many pregnancies are not planned which lead to a number of problems for the mother and family members. 88% of teens 12 to 19 years of age think the number of teenage pregnancies in the United States is a serious problem (Teenage pregnancy, birth, and abortion (2002) (Fact 67). The United States has almost double the amount of teen pregnancies that Canada has. This is reflected by the many programs and ways that U.S. organizations are trying to lower teen pregnancy rates. One of the most popular programs that are used to reduce teen pregnancy is sex education in schools. According to Finger, sex  education is the best way to reduce teen pregnancy. Sex education needs to be taught to every child starting at a young age by trained professionals in school (Finger, 2002). In a study done in a low income rural neighborhood, children from five to eighteen years of age were put through sex education classes over a three year period. After three years, pregnancies in teens fell from sixty out of every 1,000 kids to twenty-five out of every 1,000 kids (Finger, 2002). This is a good sign that sex education can help lower teen pregnancy by more than half. Most students are taught at an average age of sixteen and a half. This is too late; at that point many kids have already experimented sexually and have formed their own opinions about sex. From kindergarten to twelfth grade kids only spend forty-six hours in health classes which is where sex education is taught (Roleff). One of the largest issues is training professionals to teach sex education. â€Å"Training teachers is a key element of successful sex education programs, and the lack of good training has been a big problem† says Dr. Waszak (Finger, 2002). Sex education is the best way to prevent teen pregnancy and with these few adjustments it can be very effective. On the other side are people that say teens will have sex no matter what they are told and do not want to waste the time and money. This point is validated in a study which is done every twelve years. In 1980, federal and state governments spent $350 million in sex education. In 1992, that number has risen to 645 million dollars (Kasun, 2000). No numbers were available from 2004, but were estimated to have grown in cost. That is a lot of tax money being spent on such a controversial topic. A large problem is there is no time in school for sex education. With Math and English classes taking importance over most subjects in a college and career based school system there is no room for sex education. The last problem is where to get professionals to teach sex education classes. This will cost tax payers even more money to hire a professional or to train a current teacher. The most important thing is to just educate kids about sex and teen pregnancy. Sex education, abstinence, and abortion are the ways to lower teen pregnancy rates. There are different strategies for dealing with teenage pregnancy such as sex education, abstinence, and abortion, but the most effective strategy involves the careful use of birth controls. Some of these are very expensive ventures, but teenage pregnancies have cost our society billions of dollars in the  last thirty years. Divorce, single parent families, teen suicide, sexually transmitted diseases, juvenile crime, child abuse, and abortion, have all at least doubled from thirty years ago (Collison, 2001). Knowledge is power and the awareness that different options are available gives power to teens to make the right decisions. Bibliography: Collison, Joseph. (2001). The Legalization of abortion had influenced teen attitudes toward sex. Flam, Faye. (2010, February 22). Study offers nuanced view of abstinence education. Finger, James. (2002). Teenage pregnancy is a serious problem [Vol I]. (Adobe Digital Edition Version). Kasun, Jacqueline. (2000). Sex education promotes teen pregnancy. Manlove, Jennifer; Suzanne, Ryan; Kerry, Franzetta. (2007). Contraceptive use patterns across teens’ sexual relationships: the role of relationship, partners, and sexual histories. [pp. 603-621]. (Adobe Digital Edition Version), Doi: Demography 44. Roleff, Mark. (n.d.). Sex education can prevent teenage pregnancy. Stacey, Dawn. (2009). â€Å"Teen birth control- Teen pregnancy prevention and contraception decision –making†. 2 â€Å"Teenage pregnancy, birth control and abortion.†(Fact Sheet). (2002), SIECUS Report 30.0. 39+ Academic One File. 22. Theresa, H. (2001). Love to know pregnancy [pp 34-36]. (Adobe Digit al Edication Version). â€Å"What are the causes of teenage pregnancy?† (2009, March 12).

Anti Oppressive Theory And Practice Social Work Essay

Anti Oppressive Theory And Practice Social Work Essay Anti-oppressive theory and practice in social work seeks first to recognise oppression  in communities, societies, and cultures, and thereafter to eliminate the pressure and undo the sway of such oppression. Anti-oppressive practice is by and large understood to be an omnibus term that includes, but is not limited to, diverse practice approaches like feminist, anti-racist, critical, radical, and structural frameworks. Anti-oppressive social work stands as such for a variety of theories and practices that adopt the perspective of social justice. It should thus more appropriately be considered to be a perspective or stance toward practice rather than a practice approach. Dominelli (1998) perceives anti-oppressive social work to be a type of social work practice that searches for social barriers and structural inequalities in activities that are conducted with service users or workers. Anti-oppressive practice tries to offer more suitable, responsive and perceptive services by reacting to the needs of individuals without considering their social status. Dominelli (1998) feels that it represents a person oriented philosophy and an egalitarian system of values that is concerned with lessening the venomous results of structural inequalities upon the lives of people. It is a methodology that focuses both on processes and on outcomes and is an approach of structuring relationships between persons that strives to empower users by lessening the adverse results of hierarchy during their interaction with each other and the activities they do together. Social workers need to reinforce their abilities and attitudes for the conduct of anti-oppressive practice in many ways. Dalrymple and Burke (1995) state that social workers should obtain knowledge and understanding of their own selves, the majority social systems, different groups and cultures, and of fundamental human rights in order to effectively face issues on personal and structural levels and pursue anti-oppressive practices. This short study takes up the need of social workers to become aware of and familiar with human rights and various cultural issues, especially those relevant to their service users, in order to engage in effective anti-oppressive practice. Special emphasis is given in the study to domestic violence against women of ethnic and immigrant communities in Ireland, many of whom face physical and mental abuse in their households, even as they otherwise suffer from the discriminatory attitudes and behaviour of people of mainstream and dominant communities. Readying Social Workers for Anti-oppressive Practice Oppression is essentially entrenched in society for the maintaining of its unequal status quo. Contemporary social workers are experiencing the unique development of an anti-oppression approach that is gradually replacing long-established social work models of individual rehabilitation and self fulfilment. The verbalisation and mounting sophistication of the anti- oppression approach has been and continues to be considerably influenced by ethnic, feminist, gay and lesbian, disability, and other social movements. The need to challenge inequality is an important driver of anti-oppressive practice, even as it is important to recognise that all challenges may not be successful and furthermore be distressful for the person or group who are challenging and those who are being challenged. Anti-oppressive practice plainly draws from a social model of difference. It builds on social constructionist models of differences, racial, ethnic, gendered, and others, which are created within the conte xt of unequal social power relationships. It thus strongly argues for the development of practice that confronts, challenges, and alters unequal structures at all levels. An important dimension of challenging inequality concerns the building of self-awareness and understanding of how the social location of the social worker influences the communication between the worker and the individuals or groups who are being challenged. The practice of reflecting and thinking is intrinsic to the anti-oppressive way. Dominelli (2002, p 9) argues that knowledge of oneself helps in equipping individuals for undertaking anti-oppressive tasks. Self-knowledge, for Dominelli, is central to the range of skills required of a reflective practitioner. Social workers, to be successful in anti-oppressive practice, should be able to critically reflect on their own selves in practice and on the ways in which their biographies influence their practice relationships. The ability to critically assess the experiences of oppression of service users requires them to examine the ways in which personal, cultural and structural issues and processes fashion the difficulties that service users bring up with service agencies. An understanding of human rights and various cultural issues, experts feel, can also help them significantly in knowing their own selves, realising the impact as well as the reasons for continuance of oppression in modern day society, and in addressing such issues. Human Rights and Cultural Issues Anti-oppressive practice, with its focus on reduction of all forms of social inequality, is closely associated with the bringing about of social justice. Much of modern day oppressive activity goes against the tenets of social justice and concerns the undermining, denying or taking away of fundamental human rights of individuals or groups of people. Human rights constitute the fundamentals on which modern day society has developed in the post Second World War era. Whilst human rights have progressively developed over centuries, widespread awareness about them grew only after the 1940s in the aftermath of the holocaust atrocities and the demise of colonialism. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 by the United Nations was a step taken by the global fraternity to ensure that human rights would not be compromised in future by the actions of people, groups or states. Such rights include the right to life and property, the right of expression, the right to security from discrimination and the right to protection from physical and mental harm. Oppression nevertheless continues to occur in societies across the world, and often with the tacit of overt support of various governments that signed the UN declaration and thereafter legislated to protect human rights in their own countries. Whilst oppression and empowerment in social work practice do relate to bringing about of social justice, they do not specify minimal and fundamental requirements for human existence. This compels social workers to view individuals who have to arrange for themselves when they are denied human rights by dominant powers. Social workers who are familiar with human rights can however readily and effectively apply human rights perspectives to spot violations. They can view situations of oppression and discrimination as circumstances in which various infrastructural and legal resources can be applied for effective elimination of oppression or negation of its impact. The awareness of human rights and adoption of human rights perspectives can help social workers to frame circumstances concerning oppression into those of violations of rights, thereby making governments and citizens accountable for addressing and resolving such violations. Domestic violence, discrimination and inadequate education thus become instances of violation rather than of inadequate satisfaction of needs. Social workers with human rights perspectives can apply greater force to the challenging of unfair resource distribution, inequality and oppression. Awareness about the culture of service users and the differences that exist between the cultures of social workers and different service users can also help social workers on understanding different ways of oppression, especially so in groups like immigrants or ethnic minorities, whose cultures are vastly different from members of the dominant groups. Culture represents the integrated and distinct patterns of behaviours, including thoughts, values, beliefs, customs and actions of racial, religious, ethnic, or social groups. It is considered to be the totality of ways that is passed through generations and includes ways in which individuals with disabilities or persons from different religious or ethnic backgrounds experience their environments. With the main mission of social workers being the enhancement of well-being and helping to satisfy fundamental human needs of persons who are poor, vulnerable, and oppressed, they can improve their practice effectiveness significantly by understanding and becoming sensitive to cultural diversity and uniqueness. The acquisition of such knowledge can help social workers in understanding the essence of social diversity and oppression with regard to race, ethnic background, national origin, age, sex, sexual orientation and physical or mental disability. Such knowledge and understanding can help in the achievement of cultural competence and enable them to integrate and transform their knowledge of persons and groups of people into specific attitudes and practices. Whilst the development of cultural competency is important for social workers, the diverse backgrounds of service users, especially in urban locations, make this process difficult and challenging. Oppression and Domestic Violence against Women Domestic violence against women results directly from the inequalities between men and women. It denies women their very basic human rights, i.e. the right to health and undermines the development of communities and societies. General factors like marginalisation and poverty and specific aspects like race or ethnicity, result in some women becoming more vulnerable to domestic violence. Whilst men also face domestic violence, the lower social status of women, especially in certain communities and cultures exposes them to greater risk, even as the number of incidences of domestic violence against women appears to increase at an alarming pace. Domestic Violence refers to the use of physical or emotional force or threat of physical force, including sexual violence; in close adult relationshipsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.The term domestic violence goes beyond actual physical violence. It can also involve emotional abuse; the destruction of property; isolation from friends, family and other sources of support; threats to others including children; stalking; and control over access to money, personal items, food, transportation and the telephone. Such violence causes extensive physical, emotional and mental damage to women. It prevents them from participating in society, limits their access to resources and their ability to take part in activities like work, travel and education. Apart from such adverse consequences, domestic violence against women damages the physical, emotional and mental development of children, hurts their performance in school and affects their life chances. Domestic violence also results in economic costs for the individual and for society that arise from missed work, health care costs and costs of social work assessment and intervention for women and other affected family members. Domestic violence against women is a serious problem in Ireland. A 2002 report on Sexual Abuse and Violence revealed that one woman in four in Ireland had faced some sort of sexual abuse during her lifetime and one in five had suffered sexual assault as an adult. Ireland witnessed 109 murders of women between 1996 and 2005, 72 of which occurred in their homes. All the murders were perpetrated men and 50 % of these by partners or ex-partners. Ireland has been experiencing rapid inward migration since the 1990s, a phenomenon that has made one of the most homogenous societies in the EU culturally and ethnically diverse. Whilst domestic violence occurs across race, religion and class, migrant women experiencing violence at home face additional structural barriers on account of immigration status, lack of familiarity with language and racism, which significantly hamper their options for protection and support. A 2008 study by Paula Fagan reveals that migrant women experiencing violence at home face four important barriers, namely (a) immigration legislation, (b) restrictions on usage of public funds, (c) racism from larger society and ostracism from own communities on re[ort of abuse, and (d) cultural differences with, and lack of understanding from, mainstream society, which increase their distress and vulnerability, reduce their options with regard to social security, exacerbate their fear of isolation and create barriers their seeking of assistance and protection. Fagans report reveals that the discretionary character of the countrys immigration system presents unique challenges both for women and social workers in establishing rights, entitlements and protections for migrant women experiencing abuse. With no protections yet in place for women whose status are dependent on their husbands/partners or for those restricted from social welfare payments, options for keeping women safe are severely restricted. A key finding of this report is that, while there needs to be improvements in Irelands domestic violence legislative and policy framework for all women, there are specific failures in this system for migrant women linked to immigration legislation, policy and procedures.

Effects Of Rising Fuel Prices Economics Essay

Effects Of Rising Fuel Prices Economics Essay This research project is being written because currently the UK is experiencing a recession, which has escalated the price of fuel and is affecting the supermarkets. The research will examine the impact of fuel prices on different supermarkets and their approaches taken to boost sales and improve competitiveness. The intended reason for presenting this research project is to show how supermarkets can become more efficient and supportive. In order to answer the research question the following criteria will be addressed: Formulate a research specification Implement the research project within agreed procedures and to specification Evaluation of research outcomes Present the research outcomes The fuel prices will be compared and contrasted for the supermarkets during the past 5 years between 2008 2012. It will then make recommendations based on the findings of the research and analysis. This report is to be completed by 22nd April 2013. Methodology This research which is being provided has made use of different resources; lecture notes, textbooks, newspapers, discussions with family members and internet websites for the different organisations mentioned e.g. Asda, Morrisons, Sainsburys and Tesco In order to complement the secondary data derived from research studies and published material, telephone interviews with several supermarkets will be conducted. The interview will include questions for the supermarkets both, as a consumer and a supplier of fuel directly to its customers. The research objectives looking to be achieved by the end of this report are Using available secondary data, to establish the pattern and trends of the impact of fuel prices on supermarkets in the last 5 years Collecting primary data to obtain first-hand account from company personnel, about their decisions and adopted strategies to manage the impact of rising prices, both as a consumer and supplier of fuel To make a set of recommendations on fuel incentive programme based on core product offerings This study was conducted as part of a HND in Business unit which involves conducting research and then presenting this in the form of a research project which takes into account all the research gathered. The main purpose of this unit is to conduct research on a topic or any current issues. It was decided to conduct my research based around How the increase in the cost of fuel is affecting supermarkets in 2008 compared to 2012. In order to help obtain individual and business views on how the price increase is affecting them, this will involve the gathering of information from 1:1 telephone calls and face-to-face interviews with supermarkets. The completed questionnaires will help make an overall analysis of the data at the end, in order to produce an evaluative report based on the findings. With the research provided, this helped me look at gaining more insight into how different supermarkets are operating in the current recession and what changes would be made in order to cope with the increase in fuel prices. Therefore this led to the setting of the aim, about exploring further into how supermarkets are operating by the fuel price increase in terms of distribution and sales. With the production of this research project, the supermarkets will benefit the most alongside the oil companies and consumers. However, the petrol stations will also need information in order to succeed. The need for the report is to highlight the price variations and how supermarkets adapt to change. Methodology Chapter Currently the global economy is experiencing a recession. As a result of this, the economy and individuals are facing problems like a rise in unemployment levels which means it is becoming harder to get a job, fuel prices increasing and a decline in the overall market level. In conclusion the recession means that the business sector is hit the largest alongside consumers. When doing the project there will be various steps involved. Firstly this will establish the goal of the overall chosen research topic How the increase in the cost of fuel is affecting supermarkets, and then determine my sample in regards to views on how and why the fuel prices are affecting the supermarkets. The next step would be the creation of the questionnaire which is to be distributed amongst businesses and those being interviewed. The research collected from the questionnaire will focus on prices paid for fuel. The interviews would be conducted and then data collated. Whilst carrying out my research into the topic about the fuel price increase the question which came to mind was Does the fuel price increase, as a result of the recession, affect supermarkets on a day-to-day operation? In regards to this researched question, this has led to me thinking about the level of impact in which fuel prices is having on different supermarkets. Therefore this helped me choose this as my research topic fuel price increase. In terms of the research question, my research objective which is being looked to be achieved is To identify the ways in which businesses operate in terms of distribution and delivery and how this contributes to success or failure. Research into the topic of fuel prices was chosen as it is a continual business issue, relates to the economy and was an interesting topic to gain more insight into. The other research idea Should healthy eating be promoted within schools? was discarded as it does not link into business, but brings in more persuasive ideas regarding healthy eating. The research objective was to identify the ways in which healthy eating can be encouraged. This type of issue is a continuing debate and has been discussed by the government and the NHS, leading to a variety of initiatives e.g. 5 a day. Should Microsoft technology be improved for businesses? was the other research topic but was then eliminated as it already improves regularly and helps them become more up-to-date. The objective of this research idea was To investigate into the type of features preferred by businesses and any improvements they would recommend. This project takes an Inductive approach, supported by secondary data gained from published reports and scholarly work. Also, primary data was obtained through a series of telephone interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. Implementing the inductive research approach was successful for this research project as the research question acquired various perspectives. Therefore, the overall conclusion could not be drawn until the research had been analysed. One benefit of using the inductive approach was that the main categories emerge as data is collected and analysed (BPP p234-235). However there were different limitations like it being time consuming and an intensive research method which required high levels of resources to help compare different views. Having collected all the information it would therefore not reveal any results at the end based on the analysis. This type of approach involves Qualitative data as the results were not number based and was targeted at a smaller population which consisted of supermarket transport managers who would have vast knowledge of fuel prices. This therefore helps ensure my results are valid, reliable and objective. The limitation experienced was that the reliability of the data was purely dependent upon my organisational skills and analytical knowledge. As the questionnaire was my collection method alongside interviews, this meant that it helped me check the reliability of the gathered data and explore ideas deeper through the interviews. For this research topic, the survey method will be implemented and will involve preparation of a questionnaire which will be answered by the various supermarkets. Using the survey method will help obtain information which can be analysed and patterns extracted and comparisons made (Bell, 1999). Non-Probability Sampling is a sampling method which is conducted and relies on the judgement of the researcher/s in terms of selecting their respondents. The sample size for the research used is smaller and this meant it could be targeted at specific respondents. The type of sampling method carried out for the research provided was Convenience Sampling because it allowed communication to specific people within the company. This method does not require or use any sample design. This sampling method was chosen over others e.g Random, Systematic or Quota sampling method due to the reason that it helped provide useful information, as the sample was kept representative according to the organisations being investigated into. Besides this type of sampling, Convenience sampling was more relevant to my research compared to Random Sampling, which would have involved the selection of the population randomly. It was decided as the 2nd type of sampling due to the fact that it works well with small groups. The questionnaire will provide information from the perspective of supermarkets, being both consumers and suppliers. Supermarkets consume fuel as part of their distribution costs and supply fuel to customers at their petrol stations. A questionnaire was created in order to help acquire very specific information from the interviewees. Research was conducted first hand because there was no research team available. Asking specific questions will help provide precise data which can be compared and analysed in the report. However, questionnaire responses may be misunderstood and have an adverse impact on overall comparisons. Information obtained relates to the current situation and was gathered within a short span of time, resulting in brief answers. The responses from the questionnaire will be put into a bar chart to show the comparisons of how the supermarkets are operating in terms of the fuel price increase. By putting the data in the form of a bar chart, it would help summarise the large set of data easily and can be understood. However there were other methods e.g. pie charts and histograms, which were discarded as the bar charts would represent the data more easily and at the end was able to make straightforward overall comparisons. Table 1 Research Action Plan Task 17/05/12- 24/05/12 25/05/12- 31/05/12 17/09/12- 21/09/12 22/09/12- 28/09/12 01/10/12-09/10/12 08/11/12 15/11/12 16/11/12 22/11/12 Topic Selection Complete Action Plan Complete Code of Ethics Complete Data Collection Complete Questionnaire Complete Research Obj Complete Sampling method Complete Proposal completion Complete Throughout this project the milestone progress reviews took place: When the research topic was decided upon 31st May 2012 On finalisation and gathering of literature sources mentioned in the literature review When the research project proposal had been done 22nd November 2012 On completion of main report critique Code of Ethics To ensure, within this project, the content included is based on my findings To monitor and record progress on the action plan progress table Completion of the research project within the specified time limit Questionnaire responses kept confidentially and not distributed amongst other interviewees Only to use qualitative data once approved by interviewee Interviewees receive copies of the final report Advantages of surveys Disadvantages of surveys Focus on data in comparison to theory Data implication can be ignored Caters for small-scale qualitative research Questionnaires and sampling could lead to lack in depth and detail Allows use of tools like questionnaire and telephone 1:1 interviews Inaccurate or not honest responses Results obtained fairly quick Time consuming in terms of accuracy and honesty If survey structure well organised then this means the analysis is made easier Surveys provide a range Sources of data and methods of data collation It was decided that there were advantages to collecting and using further existing secondary data, such as time and cost saving. However, since the data has been acquired by someone else, it could be out of date or unreliable. Because of this, it is imperative that the research is checked to ensure it is accurate and reliable to use for the research question. The research into surveys, deduced that Denscombe (1998) had proposed pros and cons as follows: Supermarkets will have cartels Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) who will sell fuel to wholesalers e.g. Shell and then sell it to Tesco. This will mean that Tesco will be dependent upon OPEC when getting their fuel. Whilst OPEC is a cartel, this means they would be known to dominate the market and want to get suitable prices. If Tesco were to make agreements with OPEC, they would find it hard because OPEC will not receive any benefits. Overall this issue would have a big significance on Tesco because they dont have any control with aspects such as how much petrol OPEC will supply to them as well as the prices charged. Justify the chosen methodology Morrisons Faculty team was involved in the collection of the primary data. They answered the questions accurately and the information provided, led to a better understanding about their operations. This helped to obtain the correct data, which provided other essential data based around current and future actions. There are minimal academic literature based around the topic of fuel prices which can be studied in order to help draw up an overall judgement based on the findings. This is a systematic topic and has been discussed by various experts in this field. Since secondary data collation involved collecting information from that which someone else had collected, the information was reviewed before including it in this research project. It was necessary to compare the different sources of secondary information and to include it after review. http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/03/16/article-0-12327C8B000005DC-223_468x343.jpghttp://www.gscape.com/images/econ/charts/WeeklyFuelPrices130212.gif UK Fuel Prices for Monday 17th September 2012 Avg Min Max Unleaded 140.05p 133.9p 152.9p Diesel 144.39p 138.9p 156.9p Super Unleaded 147.72p 139.9p 159.9p Premium Diesel 153.02p 146.9p 161.9p LPG 74.94p 67.7p 83.9p According to http://www.theupcoming.co.uk/2012/03/20/inflation-continues-fall-despite-the-rise-in-petrol-prices/ The Consumer Price (CPI) Index rate of inflation had fallen from 3.6% in January to 3.4% the following month during February. David Kern, the Chief Economist at the British Chambers of Commerce said, The marked increases in world oil and food prices since the beginning of the year are worrying and support our view that further declines in domestic inflation, both this year and next, will not be as sharp as the Banks Monetary Policy Committee. Conferring to the Daily Express on Tuesday 15th May 2012, Morrisons announced they were going to reduce their petrol prices by 2p a litre. This action being taken would lead to price wars occurring between both supermarkets and petrol stations e.g. BP, Esso and Texaco. As a result of Morrisons decreasing their fuel prices, this has led to other retailers looking to consider doing this. The main reason why Morrisons has chosen this is because it will help them stay more competitive especially in the current UK recession. With retailers like Tesco, they were considering 2p cut in prices as well as their 5p off vouchers on top. In accordance to the Telegraph published online, it mentions that The cost of oil has jumped 30pc over the last four months, raising fears that the recent easing in inflation would be temporary. Petrol prices rose 3.5p per litre during last month to  £1.35 while diesel increased 3.3p to  £1.40. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/9549808/UK-inflation-eases-in-August-despite-rising-fuel-costs.html It is known that having high fuel prices will mean that various industries e.g. Primary Sector, Secondary Sector, Tertiary Sector and the commercial industry who rely on any form of transportation will find themselves having to increase their prices in order to maintain their profits and be cost effective. According to the Daily Express as of Thursday 6th September 2012, it mentions about The Office of Fair trading (OFT) looking further into the fuel price increase and their inquiry will address competition issues and concerns over price co-ordination. From customers views they reckon that when the price of crude oil decreases, this is not being reflected at the pump as quick as they would like. The Daily telegraph published 21st March 2012, talks about due to both fuel prices and food, this is therefore leading to higher living costs. There have been experts who warn that the situation is unlikely to improve in the short-term. Experts have warned that drivers may either change their job or quit as a result of an increase in fuel duty. It has been proven that A hike in fuel costs at the start of the holiday season will backfire as many people are already cutting back. Jayne Atherton mentions in the Metro newspaper on Wednesday 21st March 2012 that most manufacturers are likely to raise prices because of the spiralling cost of oil. Its believed that any added rises in the cost of oil will be a significant concern. Its mentioned within the Metro newspaper dated 25th September 2012 about 2 supermarkets starting a fuel price war; Asda and Morrisons. In terms of this price war, Asda say they will cut their prices on both unleaded and diesel by 3p to 135.7p and 139.7p. Conversely Morrisons also took the same action by reducing their prices 3p. This price war will therefore lead to other supermarkets e.g. Tesco, Sainsburys, Esso, Texaco and BP, wanting to follow the same procedure. Asda had an income tracker report done in 2008 which showed the huge impact high fuel prices have on the average familys monthly budget. During August it was reported that apart from fuel prices staying low last year, the costs at the pumps had rose. Within the Daily Mail on Saturday 22nd September 2012, it says that as oil has been rising slowly over months from $100 a barrel to $115 a barrel, this has pushed petrol prices and energy bills up for different UK households. Oil prices have however fallen dramatically within previous days with fears about the slowdown in the global economy hitting demand. The metro newspaper on 10th October mentions that as cost of fuel continues to rise, this is urging motorists to stay off the roads. As motorists vanish, most are staying off the roads to help save money and also reduce their unnecessary trips. The only constant they see is the fact wages arent increasing in line with inflation but there are other costs particularly petrol and diesel that are going up. Ross McGuiness makes a decision about them having no option but to cut back and some people have cut out their cars. His study into the fuel price increase leads to the debate about how prices are increased and passed on. As argued by Brian Madderson, he mentions that when purchasing fuel which costs  £50,000, 60% of the cost is made of fuel duty and VAT. This cost is paid by small retailers to the government through the supplier before the tax is collected from the customers. This led to him believing that is absurd. Furthermore Chris Hunt, General Director at UK Petroleum Industry Association, stated that rising fuel costs are down to emerging car sales markets within China and India. Chris Hunt also argues that increasing fuel prices will decrease number of sales, but will on the other hand lead to oil suppliers across UK, not profiteering. With the 3p increase in fuel duty, it was believed that benefits would arise such as creating of over 70,000 jobs and boost economy growth by 0.2%. Sky news also states that We appreciate the Governments aspiration to reduce the deficit but know that hiking fuel duty up by 3p in January will only make things much worse. This therefore shows that the change would make the deficit greater and not help the economy become more stable. FairFuel UKs national spokesman Quentin Willson said: We have always argued that fuel duty shouldnt be the Treasurys sacred cash cow it should be used as a lever for growth. George Osborne mentioned that the current fuel price increase which was set for January is to be scrapped. This was demolished with the aim to help the pressure put on workers and families who are currently in need. This increase was also considered carefully as it would coincide with the rail fares increasing and changes to child benefits. Going ahead with the 3p rise, doesnt make sense for economic recovery and deficit reduction. Lee Boyce argues that with the petrol price decrease, it is still making consumers pay more at the pumps. The AA, goes along with Lee Boyces idea concerning the prices not dropping enough. In relation to the prices paid by customers, it was found by AA that drivers were also once again suffering from a price postcode lottery where motorists in one area were charged as much as 5p a litre more than drivers a few miles away. Before 2002, the real price of fuel had been dropping, which led to a decrease in the numbers of fuel-poor households. The real price increases since 2003, resulted in a doubling of the fuel poor from 1.2 million households in England in 2003 to 2.4 million in 2006. In the White Paper, the government predicted some possible future fuel price scenarios and their likely effect on fuel poverty numbers. The graph below illustrates this: Figure : England Households in fuel poverty Graph 1: England households in fuel poverty One of the best insights into why the UK is failing on fuel poverty comes from a statement in 1976 by an early campaigner, Marigold Johnson, when commenting on the rise in fuel prices after the first oil crisis in 1973. It was believed it was Societys failure to plan for an age of high-cost fuels. Subsequently, fuel prices have risen and at faster rate than the RPI (Retail Price Index), during every year since 2003. Increase size in 2005, 2006, 2008 has been severe. With an increase of 105% in residential fuel prices since 2000, this sets against a RPI increase of 26%, which represents a real fuel price increase of 62%. Residential fuel prices within the UK, have effectively increased by 84% between 2000 and Fe February 2009 for the average household. When the cause of a fuel price rise is international energy costs, then the problem, is, to an extent, out of the governments control. Government and OFGEM (Office of the gas and electricity markets) are trying to ensure that price increases which are passed onto the customers are justified. Governments own coffers are receiving more money from the VAT levied at 5% on rising fuel prices. It would be expected that there is recognition regarding fuel poverty policy consisting of disastrous effects in which rapid fuel prices can have on the fuel poor, particularly since 2003. The potential impact of these price increases on progress towards meeting the targets set out in The UK Fuel Poverty strategy means efforts will need to focus on finding most sustainable way of tackling fuel poverty. During 2008, world oil prices were US $145 and during 2009 went down to $39, leading to predictions about fuel price levels and fuel poverty extent being difficult. Current Fuel prices Average Minimum Maximum Unleaded 138.6p 132.9p 151.9p Diesel 143.3p 137.9p 156.9p 22.2 Domestic freight transport: by mode Great Britain percentage 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 5,6 2005 7 2006 2007 8 2008 9 2009 10 Goods moved (billion tonnes kilometres) Petroleum products Road1 ZBZP 5.0 6.4 5.8 5.2 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.1 6.5 4.8 Rail2 ZBZQ 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 Water3 ZBZR 48.6 52.7 43.5 51.7 46.9 46.9 47.2 37.8 36.4 36.4 36.4 of which: coastwise ZBZS 33.3 26.0 23.1 24.2 23.3 26.6 30.3 22.7 25.0 26.5 27.1 Pipeline9 ZBZT 11.6 11.4 11.5 10.9 10.5 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.2 10.2 10.2 All modes ZBZU 66.7 71.9 62.0 69.0 64.1 64.5 64.7 55.8 53.3 54.6 52.8 Coal and coke Road1 ZBZV 2.2 1.5 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.0 Rail2 ZBZW 4.8 4.8 6.2 5.7 5.8 6.7 8.3 8.8 7.7 7.9 6.2 Water3 ZBZX 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 All modes ZBZY 7.5 6.5 8.8 7.5 7.9 8.5 10.2 10.4 9.8 9.5 7.5 Other traffic Road1 ZBZZ 150.5 151.5 150.6 152.7 154.7 155.6 156.4 159.7 166.4 156.0 137.6 Rail2 ZCAA 11.9 11.9 12.0 11.7 11.9 12.5 12.2 11.8 11.9 11.2 11.4 Water3 ZCAB 9.6 14.6 14.8 15.2 13.5 12.3 13.3 13.5 13.9 12.7 11.9 All modes ZCAC 172.0 178.0 177.4 179.6 180.0 180.4 181.9 185.0 192.2 179.9 161.0 All traffic Road1 KCTA 157.7 159.4 158.5 159.4 161.7 162.5 163.4 166.7 173.1 163.5 143.5 Rail2 KCTB 18.2 18.1 19.4 18.5 18.9 20.4 21.7 21.9 21.2 20.6 19.1 Water3 ZCAD 58.7 67.4 58.8 67.2 60.9 59.5 60.9 51.9 50.8 49.7 48.6 Pipeline KCTE 11.6 11.4 11.5 10.9 10.5 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.2 10.2 10.2 All modes KCTF 246.2 256.3 248.2 256.0 252.0 253.0 256.8 251.3 255.3 244.0 221.3 Percentage of all traffic Road1 ZCAE 64.0 62.0 64.0 62.0 64.0 64.0 64.0 66.0 68.0 67.0 65.0 Rail2 ZCAF 7.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 7.0

Veronika Decides To Die :: essays research papers

The book is about a lonely young man, Frederick Clegg, who works as a clerk in a city hall, and collects butterflies in his free time. The first part of the novel tells the story from his point of view. Frederick is attracted to Miranda Grey, an art student who he thinks is very beautiful. He admires her from a distance, but is unable to make any contact with her because of his weak social skills. One day, he wins a large prize in the pools. This makes it possible for him to stop working and buy an isolated house in the countryside. He feels lonely however, and wants to be with Miranda. Unable to make any normal contact, Frederick decides to add her to his 'collection'. After careful preparations, he kidnaps Miranda using chloroform and locks her up in the cellar of his house. He is convinced that the girl will start to love him after some time. However, when she wakes up, Miranda confronts him with his actions. Frederick is embarrassed, and promises to let her go after a month. The second part of the novel is narrated by Miranda in the form of fragments from a diary that she keeps during her captivity. She is scared by Frederick, and does not understand him in the beginning. At first she thinks that he has sexual motives for abducting her, but this turns out not to be true. She starts to have some pity for her captor, comparing him to Caliban in Shakespeare's play The Tempest because of his hopeless love for her and his deformed way of thinking. She tries to escape several times, but Frederick is able to stop her every time. She also tries to seduce him in order to convince him to let her go. The only result is that he becomes confused and leaves the room. When Frederick keeps refusing to let her go, she starts to fantasize about killing him.

The Stanley Cup and Online Communities :: Internet Web Essays

The Stanley Cup and Online Communities What I Know, Assume, or Imagine I will start off by giving a bit of background as to why I chose this particular topic. I consider myself an amateur in online communities, and in particular chat rooms. I have always considered chat rooms places people with no friends can go. I have plenty of friends, so I never really saw the need to chat. The few times I have gone into chat rooms, they are usually sport related. The problem I have found is that the conversation is usually on everything except sports. I still feel this way. The first part of my hypothesis is that chat rooms don't always stick to the subject. I am a huge hockey fan, and consider myself somewhat of an expert in certain areas. This is why I chose the Stanley Cup as my topic for my I-search. I think that combining something I feel I have good knowledge of with the Internet will help me weed out the facts from fiction. Here are some things I know about hockey. The Stanley Cup is the oldest trophy in North American Sports. It gets passed from team to team, unlike some other trophies. In the NHL, the players play for the Cup, not for the championship ring, or the championship itself. The winning team gets it's names on the Cup for all time and each player gets to spend a couple of days with the Cup over the summer. The hall of fame provides a "Cup Keeper" whose job is to stay with the cup at all times. Most hockey players in the US and Canada have dreamt of hoisting the Cup since they first put on skates. (Simon) As you can see, I am very passionate about the Cup, and could write my whole paper on its rich history, which began in the late 1800's. I am sure there are other people like me on the Internet, so my goal is to find them. I will try to use message boards as well as chat rooms. I plan to ask them about stories they have heard about when the players had the Cup. I imagine I will get better results on message boards, so I will concentrate more on these than the chat rooms. Another assumption I have is that certain teams will be more receptive to answering questions from me.